The Relationship between Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Genotypic Changes in S. aureus Ocular Isolates

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent cause of eye infections with some isolates exhibiting increased antimicrobial resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. The increasing resistance of ocular S. aureus to ciprofloxacin is a serious concern as it is a commonly used as a first line antibiotic to treat S. aureus keratitis. This study aimed to analyse genetic mutations in the genomes of 25 S. aureus isolates from infections or non-infectious ocular conditions from the USA and Australia and their relationship to ciprofloxacin resistance. Overall, 14/25 isolates were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were analyzed for mutations in their quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and efflux pump genes. Of the fourteen resistant isolates, 9/14 had ciprofloxacin resistance mutations within their QRDRs, at codons 80 or 84 within the parC subunit and codon 84 within the gyrA subunit of DNA gyrase. The highest resistance (MIC = 2560 μg/mL) was associated with two SNPs in both gyrA and parC. Other resistant isolates (3/14) had mutations within norB. Mutations in genes of other efflux pumps and their regulator (norA, norC, mepA, mdeA, sepA, sdrM, mepR, arlR, and arlS) or the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system (mutL and mutS) were not associated with increased resistance to ciprofloxacin. The functional mutations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in QRDRs (gyrA and parC) and norB suggests that these are the most common reasons for ciprofloxacin resistance in ocular isolates. Novel SNPs of gyrA Glu-88-Leu, Asn-860-Thr and Thr-845-Ala and IIe-855-Met, identified in this study, need further gene knock out/in studies to better understand their effect on ciprofloxacin resistance.