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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice
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["Cocaine eye syndrome"].

Klaudia Kéki-Kovács1, Zoltán Zsolt Nagy1, Nóra Szentmáry1,2

  • 11 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Szemészeti Klinika Budapest, Mária u 39., 1085 Magyarország.

Orvosi Hetilap
|November 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cocaine use can cause severe "cocaine eye syndrome," damaging the ocular surface through various mechanisms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and therapeutic contact lenses, can restore vision and improve patient quality of life.

Keywords:
cocainecorneacrackkeratitiskeratopathiakeratopathykokainszaruhártya

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Toxicology
  • Ocular Surface Disease

Background:

  • Cocaine abuse is associated with significant ocular complications, collectively termed "cocaine eye syndrome."
  • Understanding the multifactorial pathogenesis of this syndrome is crucial for effective management.

Observation:

  • A case report details a 25-year-old patient presenting with decreased visual acuity and corneal erosion in the right eye after cocaine use.
  • The corneal damage exhibited characteristics consistent with "cocaine eye syndrome," including epithelial defects and deposits.

Findings:

  • Ocular surface damage in cocaine users results from direct cytotoxicity, impaired corneal innervation, reduced blinking leading to desiccation, chemical burns, and mechanical abrasion.
  • The patient's corneal abrasion was successfully treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a therapeutic contact lens, leading to visual recovery.

Implications:

  • Ophthalmologists should consider cocaine use in patients presenting with unexplained corneal abnormalities suggestive of "cocaine eye syndrome."
  • Early detection and appropriate intervention are vital for preventing long-term visual impairment and enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.