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Effector-Triggered Trained Immunity: An Innate Immune Memory to Microbial Virulence Factors?

Cedric Torre1, Laurent Boyer1

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Summary

Innate immune memory, or trained immunity, involves heightened inflammatory responses from innate immune cells. This study hypothesizes that microbial factors may trigger a similar trained immunity, termed effector-triggered trained immunity.

Keywords:
effector-triggered immunityeffector-triggered trained immunitytrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Innate immune memory, or trained immunity, is a key immunological concept involving enhanced inflammatory responses mediated by innate immune cells.
  • Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a crucial pro-inflammatory cytokine produced as a proform, requiring inflammasome-mediated cleavage for activation.
  • The NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in both diet-induced trained immunity and pathogen detection via effector-triggered immunity (ETI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the link between microbial virulence factors and trained immunity.
  • To hypothesize the existence of effector-triggered trained immunity (ETTI).

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on trained immunity, inflammasomes, and effector-triggered immunity.
  • Conceptual framework development to connect microbial virulence factors with innate immune memory.

Main Results:

  • The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in both western diet-induced trained immunity and ETI.
  • Arguments are presented to support the hypothesis of ETTI.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial virulence factors may induce a form of trained immunity, termed ETTI.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and implications of ETTI in host defense and disease.