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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Histology of the Uterus01:19

Histology of the Uterus

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The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
The endometrium is the...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Ovaries01:26

Ovaries

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The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
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Endometriosis: Part I. Basic concept.

Peng-Hui Wang1, Szu-Ting Yang2, Wen-Hsun Chang3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Female Cancer Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
|November 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease causing pain and infertility. This review emphasizes clinical diagnosis and empirical medical treatment for managing endometriosis symptoms and improving quality of life.

Keywords:
Clinical diagnosisEmpirical medical treatmentEndometriosisManagementTherapeutic test

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Background:

  • Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition causing significant pain, infertility, and daily living disability.
  • It presents a substantial socio-economic burden, necessitating effective management strategies.
  • Long-term sequelae include fibrosis, adhesion, and potential malignant transformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a general background on endometriosis.
  • To emphasize the role of clinical diagnosis in endometriosis management.
  • To discuss empirical medical treatment as a therapeutic test for endometriosis.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of general endometriosis knowledge.
  • Emphasis on clinical diagnostic approaches.
  • Discussion of empirical medical treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Advanced diagnostic technologies and pathophysiological understanding are evolving.
  • Debated issues, such as medication timing and duration, persist in clinical practice.
  • Clinical diagnosis and therapeutic testing are crucial for initial management.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of endometriosis requires addressing pain and infertility.
  • Ongoing research aims to improve diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
  • Clinical diagnosis and empirical treatment form the basis for initial endometriosis management.