Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

1.5K
Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
1.5K
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

2.2K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
2.2K
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

5.0K
Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
5.0K
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

6.8K
Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
6.8K
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

1.8K
Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
1.8K
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

3.4K
Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Toe-In and Toe-Out Walking Patterns and Lateral Wedge Insoles: A Musculoskeletal Simulation and Probabilistic Modelling Assessment of Medial Tibiofemoral Cartilage Mechanics.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

A Feasibility Study to Determine Whether Neuromuscular Adaptations to Equine Water Treadmill Exercise Can Be Detected Using Synchronous Surface Electromyography and Kinematic Data.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2025
Same author

Response to comments on: Noseband type and tightness level affect pressure on the horse's face at trot.

Equine veterinary journal·2025
Same author

Response to comments on 'Facial pressure beneath a cavesson noseband adjusted to different tightness levels during standing and chewing'.

Equine veterinary journal·2025
Same author

Clinical insights: Musculoskeletal disorders of the sports horse.

Equine veterinary journal·2025
Same author

International Survey Exploring Rider-Perceived Sidedness of the Horse.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

3.3K

Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof.

Sarah Jane Hobbs1, Simon Curtis2, Jaime Martin3

  • 1Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|November 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Thoroughbred foal hoof development shows changes in epidermal thickness and hoof capsule structure. These adaptations prepare young horses for athletic careers by supporting skeletal growth and optimizing hoof function.

Keywords:
foalhoofhoof anglehoof deformationhoof developmenthoof growth

More Related Videos

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

12.0K
Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
07:01

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

3.3K
Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

12.0K
Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
07:01

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Equine veterinary science
  • Animal morphology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Limited detailed information exists on Thoroughbred foal hoof and distal limb conformation.
  • Understanding hoof development is crucial for preparing foals for athletic careers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore equine distal limb morphogenesis in Thoroughbred foals.
  • To identify factors influencing hoof development and adaptation to weight-bearing early in life.

Main Methods:

  • Chronological presentation of novel data from four studies.
  • Analysis of key time periods in distal limb growth and adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Dorsal epidermal thickness increased from 2.84 ± 0.41 mm (in utero) to 4.04 ± 1.10 mm by 4 months.
  • Hoof capsule became more malleable with decreased tubular density and increased inter-tubular material.
  • Medial hoof loading (>60%) vs. lateral (<40%) may influence asymmetric hoof shape by 4-6 months.
  • Dorsal hoof wall and distal phalanx angles parallelize after 12 months, optimizing hoof function.

Conclusions:

  • Early life weight-bearing induces significant hoof adaptations in Thoroughbred foals.
  • These morphological changes are essential for skeletal growth and preparing the hoof for athletic demands.
  • Hoof development culminates in optimized functional capacity by the weanling stage.