Co-Occurrence of Tic Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Does It Reflect a Common Neurobiological
Aribert Rothenberger1, Hartmut Heinrich2,3,4
1Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
Biomedicines
|November 26, 2022
Summary
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorders (TD) co-occur frequently. Research suggests TD + ADHD may function additively, with distinct neurobiological underpinnings contributing to symptoms. Personalized treatment is recommended.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Genetics
Background:
- Co-occurrence of tic disorders (TD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is clinically significant.
- ADHD often has greater long-term psychosocial impact than TD.
- The neurobiological basis of TD + ADHD remains unclear, questioning common vs. distinct origins.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the neurobiological background of TD + ADHD.
- To determine if an additive model accurately represents TD + ADHD.
- To inform clinical recommendations for managing TD + ADHD.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of clinical guidelines for TD and ADHD.
- Analysis of genetic and environmental risk factors.
- Review of brain structure, function, neurophysiology, and neurotransmitter systems.
Main Results:
- Limited studies specifically address the neurobiology of TD + ADHD.
- Few studies use factorial designs to differentiate TD and ADHD effects.
- Evidence supports an additive model for TD + ADHD, with some non-specific overlaps.
Conclusions:
- Separate neuronal circuit disturbances may additively cause TD + ADHD symptoms.
- Transdiagnostic, stress-related aspects also play a role.
- Multilevel diagnostic profiling aids personalized treatment decisions for TD + ADHD.
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