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Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia
Andrew J H Sedlack1,2, Kimia Saleh-Anaraki3, Suresh Kumar3
1National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Abstract:
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
Insights
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare, diverse cancers. This review examines preclinical models like cell lines and PDXs, crucial for understanding NEN biology and developing new treatments.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Cancer Research
- Translational Medicine
Background:
- Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers.
- Their low incidence and high diversity classify many as orphan conditions, limiting clinical trials and research.
- Understanding NENs is challenged by limited molecular and genetic studies compared to common cancers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and discuss the available preclinical models for various types of neuroendocrine neoplasms.
- To explore the history, current applications, and translational potential of these models.
- To highlight the importance of preclinical models in NEN research and treatment evaluation.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on preclinical models for neuroendocrine neoplasms.
- Categorization of models into in vitro (cell lines, 3D models) and in vivo (PDXs, GEMMs).
- Analysis of the historical development and current utility of each model type.
Main Results:
- Preclinical models, including cell lines, 3D models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs), are essential for NEN research.
- These models, while not fully recapitulating human cancers, are vital for investigating basic biology and early treatment evaluation.
- A comprehensive overview of models specific to different NEN subtypes is presented.
Conclusions:
- Preclinical models are indispensable tools for advancing the study of neuroendocrine neoplasms.
- Continued development and validation of these models are crucial for improving our understanding and treatment of NENs.
- Effective translation of preclinical findings to clinical applications remains a key goal in NEN research.
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