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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Mechanism of Phase Separation in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems.

Amber R Titus1, Pedro P Madeira2, Luisa A Ferreira1

  • 1Cleveland Diagnostics, 3615 Superior Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mesoscopic changes, including polymer agglomerates and altered water structure, precede macroscopic phase separation in aqueous solutions. This finding offers new insights into the mechanisms of liquid-liquid phase separation.

Keywords:
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopydynamic light scatteringhydrogen bondsphase separationwater structure

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is crucial for forming membrane-less organelles in cells.
  • Studying simple aqueous mixtures provides a model for understanding LLPS mechanisms.
  • LLPS occurs at specific concentration thresholds in multi-component solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pre-macroscopic phase separation events in aqueous polymer and polymer-salt mixtures.
  • To provide the first experimental evidence of mesoscopic changes preceding macroscopic phase separation.
  • To correlate changes in water structure with the phase separation process.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to detect mesoscopic polymer agglomerates.
  • Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze water structure (OH-stretch bands).
  • Quantitative analysis of water subpopulations and hydrogen bond arrangements.

Main Results:

  • DLS confirmed the formation and growth of mesoscopic polymer agglomerates before visual phase separation.
  • ATR-FTIR revealed significant changes in water structure, specifically in hydrogen bonding, below the macroscopic phase separation threshold.
  • Quantitative estimates showed abrupt alterations in the fractions of water subpopulations.

Conclusions:

  • Mesoscopic changes in polymer அமைப்பு and water structure are critical precursors to macroscopic phase separation.
  • The study provides a refined understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving LLPS in aqueous solutions.
  • The findings support the development of predictive models for phase separation in biological and chemical systems.