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Regulation of Water Intake

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

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Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia in Marathon Runners.

Mark Klingert¹, Pantelis T Nikolaidis², Katja Weiss³

¹Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|November 26, 2022

Summary

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) affects marathon runners due to complex factors like heat and sex. Awareness and personalized hydration strategies are crucial for prevention and early intervention in athletes.

Keywords:

epidemiology exercise hyponatremia marathon review risk factors runners sports medicine

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Published on: October 10, 2019

Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Exercise Physiology
Endocrinology

Background:

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), or water intoxication, is a serious condition linked to pathological outcomes, including fatal hyponatremic encephalopathy.
Despite research, EAH remains a significant concern for marathon runners and sports professionals due to its increasing prevalence and potential severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the prevalence of EAH in marathon runners.
To identify etiological and risk factors associated with EAH.
To develop evidence-based preventive and therapeutic strategies for marathon runners.

Main Methods:

A narrative review of scientific literature.
Searches conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords related to EAH and marathon running.
Analysis of 135 selected articles.

Main Results:

EAH results from a complex interplay of event-related factors (e.g., high temperatures) and person-related factors (e.g., female sex).
Reported prevalence of EAH varies, with major studies indicating an incidence of 7-15% for both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
Identified risk factors include environmental conditions and individual characteristics.

Conclusions:

Athletes and coaches must recognize EAH symptoms and implement preventive measures during training and competition.
Individualized hydration plans, considering sweat rate and sodium loss, are essential for daily routines.
Further research is needed to explore the correlation between EAH risk factors and specific marathon runner subgroups.