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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Borate-Based Compounds as Mixed Polyanion Cathode Materials for Advanced Batteries.

Giancarlo Dominador D Sanglay1,2,3, Jayson S Garcia1,2,3, Mecaelah S Palaganas1,3

  • 1Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Borate-based compounds show promise as advanced cathode materials for organic electrolyte metal-ion batteries. Their tunable structures and light weight offer potential for higher capacity and improved performance in next-generation batteries.

Keywords:
batteryborophosphateborosilicateborosulfatecathodemixed polyanion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Advanced battery development requires novel cathode materials for cost-effectiveness and scalability.
  • Understanding the processing-structure-properties-performance relationship is crucial for cathode material innovation.
  • Lithium-ion battery cathode development provides a foundation for exploring new material classes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review borate-based compounds as potential mixed polyanion cathode materials for organic electrolyte metal-ion batteries.
  • To highlight the structural diversity, tunability, and chemical richness of borates for battery applications.
  • To provide a reference for the structures, properties, and synthesis of borate-based compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and data mining.
  • High-throughput ab initio computing (briefly discussed).
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships for polyanion cathode materials.

Main Results:

  • Borate-based compounds exhibit near-stability (<30 meV at−1) and offer significant tunability.
  • Diverse borate structures can host alkali metal intercalation, crucial for battery operation.
  • The low weight and rich chemistry of borates can lead to higher theoretical capacity and improved open-circuit voltage (OCV).

Conclusions:

  • Borate-based compounds, including borophosphates (BPO), borosilicates (BSiO), and borosulfates (BSO), are promising untapped materials for advanced batteries.
  • Their unique properties make them suitable candidates for mixed polyanion cathodes in organic electrolyte metal-ion batteries.
  • Further research into borate-based compounds can drive innovation in cost-effective and high-performance energy storage solutions.