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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Distribution01:25

Secondary Distribution

123
Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is commonly used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Urban areas with high-density loads...
123
Power System Distribution01:25

Power System Distribution

297
Power system distribution involves delivering electrical energy from power plants to consumers through a network of transmission and distribution systems. The process begins at power plants, where energy from coal, gas, nuclear, water, and wind is converted into electrical energy. These plants use three-phase generators, typically rated between 50 to 1300 MVA, with terminal voltages ranging from a few kV to 20 kV, depending on the size and age of the units.
The transmission system is designed...
297
Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

140
Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
140
Control of Power Flow01:30

Control of Power Flow

302
There are several methods to control power flow in power systems:
302
Generator Voltage Control01:21

Generator Voltage Control

224
Generator voltage control is crucial for maintaining the stable operation of synchronous generators and wind turbines. In older models, a DC generator driven by the rotor delivers DC power to the rotor's field winding, and the power is transferred through slip rings and brushes. In the latest models, static or brushless exciters are used. Static exciters rectify AC power from the generator terminals and then transfer the DC power directly to the rotor. Brushless exciters, on the other hand,...
224
Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

136
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
136

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator
06:04

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A New Decentralized Robust Secondary Control for Smart Islanded Microgrids.

Ali M Jasim1,2, Basil H Jasim1, Vladimír Bureš3

  • 1Electrical Engineering Department, University of Basrah, Basrah 61001, Iraq.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a decentralized secondary control scheme using optimized PI controllers, Genetic Algorithms, and Artificial Neural Networks to stabilize microgrid voltage and frequency. It also addresses power sharing and reduces losses in long-distance transmission.

Keywords:
artificial neural networkdistribution generatorsgenetic algorithmmicrogridpower sharingsecondary controlvirtual impedance

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Power Systems
  • Control Systems

Background:

  • Microgrids (MGs) require autonomous control for stable islanded operation.
  • Droop controllers, while common for voltage and frequency regulation, suffer from steady-state deviations and power-sharing issues due to impedance mismatches.
  • Secondary control is essential to correct droop controller limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a decentralized secondary control unit (SCU) scheme for stabilizing microgrid voltage and frequency.
  • To address power-sharing challenges among parallel distributed generators (DGs).
  • To investigate the integration of Low-Voltage DC Transmission (LVDCT) for efficient long-distance power transmission.

Main Methods:

  • A decentralized SCU scheme employing optimized Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers.
  • Genetic Algorithms (GA) for tuning PI controller parameters in primary and secondary control loops.
  • Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for online parameter adjustment within SCUs.
  • Virtual impedance method in the primary control to resolve power-sharing issues.
  • Low-Voltage DC Transmission (LVDCT) for efficient power delivery.
  • Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) for DC to AC conversion.

Main Results:

  • Successful restoration of voltage and frequency deviations in the microgrid.
  • Effective active and reactive power sharing among connected DGs.
  • Significant reduction in power losses during long-distance transmission.
  • Demonstrated feasibility of the integrated control and transmission system.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed decentralized SCU scheme effectively stabilizes microgrid voltage and frequency.
  • The integration of GA and ANNs provides robust and adaptive control parameter optimization.
  • The virtual impedance method and LVDCT contribute to improved power sharing and transmission efficiency.
  • The overall solution enhances the reliability and performance of islanded microgrids.