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Related Concept Videos

Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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Echo01:06

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Author Spotlight: A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging
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Evidence for predictions established by phantom sound.

Yun-Yi Qi1, Zi-Hao Guo1, Xiao-Tao Guo2

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Auditory Research Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.

Neuroimage
|November 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how the brain forms internal predictions using auditory illusions. It shows that theta oscillations in the left frontal area signal prediction errors from internal perceptions.

Keywords:
Endogenous predictionMismatch negativityOmission responseTheta oscillationZwicker tone

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Predictions integrate prior experience with sensory input.
  • Omission responses reveal underlying predictive processes.
  • Endogenous predictions, driven by internal percepts, are understudied compared to exogenous ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate endogenous predictions using the Zwicker tone illusion.
  • To identify neural correlates of endogenous prediction and prediction error.
  • To explore the role of attention in endogenous prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an omission paradigm with the Zwicker tone illusion.
  • Recorded electrophysiological responses including MMN, P300, and theta oscillations.
  • Analyzed attention-dependent and independent neural markers.

Main Results:

  • MMN, P300, and theta oscillations were observed in subjects perceiving the Zwicker tone illusion, but not in others.
  • MMN and P300 responses were attention-dependent, while theta oscillations were not.
  • Increased single-trial theta power, particularly induced theta, correlated with endogenous prediction and was left frontal lateralized.

Conclusions:

  • The brain automatically processes internal perceptions to establish predictions.
  • Prediction errors arising from internal percept violations are signaled in the left frontal region.
  • Theta oscillations provide a robust, attention-independent marker for endogenous prediction errors.