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Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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The association between victimization and inflammation: A meta-analysis.

Xiao-Yan Chen1, Ko Ling Chan1, Camilla K M Lo1

  • 1Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.

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|November 26, 2022
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Summary

Childhood and adulthood victimization are linked to increased inflammation. Preventing childhood victimization may be crucial, as it appears to have a stronger inflammatory impact than adult victimization.

Keywords:
C-reactive proteinInterleukin-6Meta-analysisTumor necrosis factor-alphaVictimization

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Area of Science:

  • Psychoneuroimmunology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Childhood and adulthood victimization are significant stressors with potential long-term health consequences.
  • Inflammation is a key biological process implicated in numerous chronic diseases.
  • Understanding the link between victimization and inflammation is crucial for developing targeted health interventions.

Approach:

  • A meta-analysis was conducted on 37 studies published before February 2021.
  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were analyzed using random-effects models.
  • Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore effect sizes for different inflammatory markers and age groups.

Key Points:

  • Victimization shows a significant positive association with inflammation (r=0.122).
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) exhibited the largest effect size (r=0.152), followed by interleukin-6 (IL-6) (r=0.119) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r=0.084).
  • Childhood victimization demonstrated a stronger association with inflammation (childhood: r=0.145; adulthood: r=0.139) compared to adult victimization (r=0.039).

Conclusions:

  • Victimization is consistently associated with heightened inflammatory responses.
  • Preventing childhood victimization may be a critical public health strategy due to its pronounced inflammatory effects.
  • Further research employing robust longitudinal and multi-country designs is necessary to elucidate underlying mechanisms.