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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

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Hierarchical functional system development supports executive function.

Arielle S Keller1, Valerie J Sydnor1, Adam Pines1

  • 1Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|November 27, 2022
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Executive function (EF) development in youth relies on brain maturation. Hierarchical brain organization and system differentiation support healthy EF, while reduced differentiation may cause deficits.

Keywords:
adolescenceconnectomedevelopmentexecutive functionfMRIpsychopathology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) development in youth is crucial for cognitive and behavioral regulation.
  • Maturation of functional brain systems underlies developmental improvements in EF.
  • Cortical organization follows a hierarchical sensorimotor-association axis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe how hierarchical brain maturation supports youth executive function (EF).
  • To review evidence on functional brain system development along the cortical axis.
  • To propose a model for EF maturation and deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Perspective piece synthesizing existing developmental neuroscience research.
  • Review of neuroimaging and cognitive data on brain system maturation.
  • Analysis of functional brain system segregation and integration patterns.

Main Results:

  • Functional brain systems develop differentially along the sensorimotor-association axis.
  • Systems near the associative cortex become more segregated; middle systems become more integrative.
  • Strengthened hierarchical cortical organization facilitates top-down control and communication balance.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical brain maturation, particularly in attention and frontoparietal networks, is central to healthy EF development.
  • Reduced functional system differentiation across the sensorimotor-association axis is linked to transdiagnostic EF deficits.
  • Understanding these developmental trajectories can inform interventions for EF impairments.