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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

4.4K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
4.4K
Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
492
Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

939
In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
939
Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

623
When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus
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Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: January 17, 2025

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk.

Y A Parks, M F Noy, M A Aukett

    Archives of Disease in Childhood
    |January 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks in a special care baby unit were stopped by identifying a milk bank worker as a carrier. Infant milk feeds were likely the source of spread for this resistant bacteria.

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    Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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    Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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    Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA

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    Area of Science:

    • Healthcare-associated infections
    • Microbiology
    • Neonatal care

    Background:

    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant threat in healthcare settings, particularly to vulnerable populations like neonates.
    • Outbreaks of resistant bacteria in special care baby units (SCBUs) require prompt and effective control measures.
    • Gentamicin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus complicates treatment options.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe three distinct outbreaks of gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) within a special care baby unit.
    • To identify the source and transmission route of the MRSA strain during these outbreaks.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of control measures implemented to cease the spread of MRSA.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of three MRSA outbreaks in an SCBU.
    • Epidemiological investigation to trace the source of infection.
    • Microbiological analysis to confirm the strain and identify carriers.
    • Review of infection control protocols and their impact.

    Main Results:

    • Three separate outbreaks of gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occurred in the SCBU.
    • The outbreaks were successfully terminated only after a milk bank worker was identified as a carrier of the specific MRSA strain.
    • The cessation of outbreaks coincided with the implementation of measures targeting the identified carrier and potential source.

    Conclusions:

    • The study postulates that infant milk feeds served as a likely vehicle for the spread of gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Healthcare facilities, especially SCBUs, must maintain stringent surveillance for resistant organisms.
    • Identifying asymptomatic carriers, even outside direct patient care roles (e.g., milk bank staff), is crucial for controlling outbreaks of resistant bacteria.