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Updated: Aug 19, 2025
Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice
Published on: February 9, 2013
Anatomic relationship of extensor indicis propius and extensor digitorum communis: Implications for tendon transfer
Joanne Zhou1, Christopher Frey2, Nicole Segovia2
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Redwood city, CA 94063, United States. zhoujy@stanford.edu.
Background:
The extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon is a frequently used donor for a variety of tendon transfers, most commonly for reconstruction of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL). EIP is known to have frequent anatomic variants including split tendons and variations in tendon arrangement.
Aim:
To characterize the anatomy of the EIP at the level of the extensor retinaculum, where tendon harvest is often performed, and share our preferred technique for EIP to EPL transfer.
Methods:
Twenty-nine fresh-frozen cadaveric forearms without history of forearm or hand injury or surgery were dissected. Tendon circumference and relationship of the EIP and extensor digitorum communis to the index (EDCI) at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and the distal extensor retinaculum were recorded. Distance from the distal extensor retinaculum to the EIP myotendinous junction was measured.
Results:
EIP was ulnar to the EDCI in 96.5% of specimens (28/29) at the distal edge of the extensor retinaculum. In the remaining specimen, EIP was volar to EDCI. Tendon circumference at the distal extensor retinaculum averaged (9.3 mm ± 1.7 mm) for EDCI and 11.1 mm (± 2.7 mm) for EIP (P = 0.0010). The tendon circumference at the index MCP joint averaged 11.0 mm (± 1.7 mm) for EDCI and 10.6 mm (± 2.1 mm) for EIP (P = 0.33). EIP had a greater circumference in 76% (22/29) of specimens at the distal extensor retinaculum whereas EIP had a greater circumference in only 31% (9/29) of specimens at the MCP joint.
Conclusion:
The EIP tendon is frequently ulnar to and greater in circumference than the EDCI at the distal extensor retinaculum, which can be taken into consideration for tendon transfers involving EIP.
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