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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
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Patellar Instability.

Allison K Perry1, Bhargavi Maheshwer2, Steven F DeFroda1

  • 1Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

JBJS Reviews
|November 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anatomic factors like patella alta and trochlear dysplasia increase the risk of recurrent patellar instability. Surgical management should be tailored to individual patient anatomy and activity levels for optimal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Recurrent patellar instability is a common orthopedic condition.
  • Several anatomic factors are implicated in its development and recurrence.
  • Identifying these factors is crucial for effective treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between specific anatomic factors and recurrent patellar instability.
  • To discuss the predictive value of the preoperative J-sign.
  • To outline surgical management strategies based on patient-specific anatomy and activity levels.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating patellar instability and associated anatomic variants.
  • Analysis of clinical findings, including the J-sign, in predicting recurrent instability.
  • Evaluation of surgical techniques for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and more complex procedures.

Main Results:

  • Anatomic factors including patella alta, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, rotational deformity, and trochlear dysplasia are linked to higher recurrence rates.
  • A positive preoperative J-sign predicts recurrent instability following surgery.
  • Isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is suitable for select patients, while complex procedures are indicated for those with malalignment and significant anatomic abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Patient-specific anatomic assessment is essential for managing recurrent patellar instability.
  • Surgical interventions should be individualized, ranging from isolated ligament reconstruction to complex bony or cartilaginous procedures.
  • Addressing underlying anatomic factors alongside surgical repair improves outcomes for recurrent patellar instability.