Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) Infections

An expanded role for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in recent decades reflects an aging population and broader indications for devices, including both primary prevention and management of dysrhythmias. CIED infection is one of the most important device-related complications and has a major impact on mortality, quality of life, healthcare utilization, and cost. Unfortunately, the investigation and management of CIED infection remain complex, often necessitating complete and timely removal of the device and leads in order to eradicate the infection. In addition, the translation of knowledge from an extensive literature to a disparate group of medical practitioners has often been inadequate. This review of CIED infection management highlights the significant advances made during the past decade, including diagnostic criteria, advanced imaging, and next-generation sequencing for culture-negative cases or those in which uncertainty remains. We also outline the role and indication for powered lead extraction, the process of antibiotic choice and treatment duration, considerations related to the timing and location for reimplantation, and preimplantation risk stratification and associated interventions to reduce the risk of CIED infection.