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Impact01:30

Impact

185
Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
185

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Exploring pre-impact landing kinematics associated with increase and decrease in the anterior cruciate ligament

Kaito Wakabayashi1, Issei Ogasawara2, Yasuyuki Suzuki1

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.

Journal of Biomechanics
|November 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Landing movements in female athletes can predict anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. Specific pre-impact knee and torso motions are key indicators for identifying athletes at higher risk of ACL tears.

Keywords:
ACL injuryDrop-landingImpact dynamicsKnee valgus torquePrincipal component analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in female athletes, particularly during single-legged landings.
  • Understanding pre-impact landing kinematics is crucial for injury prevention strategies.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the specific kinematic factors contributing to ACL injury risk in female athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify single-legged landing kinematic characteristics associated with increased or decreased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk in female handball players.
  • To evaluate the discriminative ability of pre-impact landing kinematics in predicting future ACL injuries.
  • To explore the relationship between specific kinematic components and knee valgus torque during landing.

Main Methods:

  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to decompose pre-impact landing kinematics into distinct kinematic components (KCs).
  • Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was applied to KC scores to identify significant KCs differentiating injured from non-injured legs.
  • A motion-equation-based model was used to predict knee valgus torque based on hypothetical pre-impact kinematics.

Main Results:

  • A combination of the second major KC (knee flexion/extension and angular velocity) and minor KCs (torso medial/lateral leaning) accurately discriminated between injured and non-injured legs (12.5% error rate).
  • These discriminating KCs significantly influenced frontal-plane knee loading patterns, as predicted by the motion-equation-based model.
  • Specific pre-impact landing postures, characterized by KC-based analysis, were linked to knee valgus torque and potential ACL injury risk.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-impact single-legged landing kinematics, particularly knee and torso movements, can predict future ACL injury risk in female athletes.
  • KC-based postural characterization offers a valuable tool for assessing ACL injury risk.
  • Motion-equation-based knee stress quantification, combined with kinematic analysis, can enhance the understanding of ACL injury mechanisms.