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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Related Experiment Video

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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Detecting Horizontal Transfer of Transposons.

James D Galbraith1, Atma M Ivancevic2, Zhipeng Qu3

  • 1Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a practical framework for detecting horizontal transposon transfer (HTT), a process where transposable elements (TEs) move between species. The framework aids researchers in identifying and validating these significant genomic events.

Keywords:
Horizontal transferLINERetrotransposonTransposable elementTransposon

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Evolution
  • Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that can alter genome structure and function.
  • Horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) allows TEs to move between species, significantly impacting genome evolution.
  • Existing methods for detecting HTT are limited, especially in the context of modern omics data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a practical and comprehensive framework for detecting horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) events.
  • To offer a valuable toolbox for the transposable element and genomics research community.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an HTT detection framework utilizing sequence alignment to analyze TE family divergence and conservation profiles.
  • Included workflows for detecting HTT from *ab initio* identified TEs and for specific, curated TEs.
  • Incorporated a workflow for validating putative HTT candidates.

Main Results:

  • The framework successfully outlines practical approaches for identifying HTT events.
  • It addresses common scenarios encountered in the modern omics era for HTT detection.
  • The proposed methods enable the determination of TE expansion event histories.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework offers a robust and versatile toolbox for the scientific community.
  • It facilitates the detection and validation of horizontal transposon transfer events.
  • This work will advance the understanding of TE dynamics and their role in genome evolution.