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High-Capacity Rechargeable Li/Cl2 Batteries with Graphite Positive Electrodes.

Guanzhou Zhu1, Peng Liang1, Cheng-Liang Huang2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
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This study introduces activated graphite as a high-capacity positive electrode for lithium/chlorine (Li/Cl2) batteries. The activated material demonstrates excellent discharge capacity and cycling stability, utilizing low-cost graphitic materials for advanced energy storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Developing high-capacity, high-energy density rechargeable batteries is crucial for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage.
  • Previous research demonstrated Na/Cl2 and Li/Cl2 batteries using amorphous carbon nanospheres (aCNS) with high reversible capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of initially low surface area graphite (DGr) as a positive electrode material for Li/Cl2 batteries.
  • To enhance graphite performance through CO2 activation and understand its electrochemical behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Activation of DGr using CO2 at 1000 °C to create DGr_ac.
  • Electrochemical testing of Li/Cl2 batteries with DGr_ac as the positive electrode.
  • Ex situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze electrode evolution.
  • Mass spectrometry to probe Cl2 trapping.

Main Results:

  • Activated graphite (DGr_ac) achieved a first discharge capacity of ~1910 mAh g-1 and cycling capacity up to 1200 mAh g-1.
  • Electrochemical cycling induced graphite exfoliation, creating pores for LiCl/Cl2 redox reactions.
  • Mass spectrometry confirmed Cl2 trapping within the graphitic electrode.

Conclusions:

  • Low-cost graphitic materials, when activated, are viable for high-capacity alkali metal/Cl2 batteries.
  • Graphite activation and in-situ pore generation are key to high performance in Li/Cl2 systems.
  • This work provides insights into the operational mechanisms of Li/Cl2 batteries.