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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

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Acoustic Change Complex Recorded in Hybrid Cochlear Implant Users.

Eun Kyung Jeon1, Bruna S Mussoi2, Carolyn J Brown1,3

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

Audiology & Neuro-Otology
|November 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The acoustic change complex (ACC) in hybrid cochlear implant (CI) users shows larger responses when both acoustic and electric stimulation are used compared to acoustic alone. This objective measure can help guide listening mode recommendations for CI recipients.

Keywords:
Acoustic change complexCochlear implantCortical auditory-evoked potentialElectric acoustic stimulationNucleus hybrid cochlear implant

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cochlear implant (CI) candidacy is expanding, leading to more users with residual low-frequency hearing.
  • Objective measures like cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) can aid in optimizing listening modes for CI users.
  • Hybrid CI users benefit from tailored recommendations based on objective physiological data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in CAEPs between acoustic alone (A-alone) and acoustic plus electric (A + E) listening modes in hybrid CI users.
  • To determine if the acoustic change complex (ACC) can serve as an objective measure for evaluating hybrid CI benefit.
  • To explore the potential of ACC in guiding clinical recommendations for individualized listening strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Eight hybrid CI users participated in the study.
  • Cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs), specifically P1-N1-P2 and ACC, were measured simultaneously.
  • Responses were recorded in two listening modes: A-alone and A + E, using spectrally complex acoustic signals.

Main Results:

  • ACC amplitudes were significantly larger in the A + E mode compared to the A-alone mode.
  • The difference in ACC amplitude was most pronounced for stimuli involving low-to-high frequency changes.
  • Stimulus type and listening mode significantly affected ACC amplitude and latency.

Conclusions:

  • The ACC is a sensitive objective measure that varies with listening mode and stimulus type in hybrid CI users.
  • ACC responses can potentially assist clinicians in making objective, individualized listening mode recommendations.
  • Further research is warranted to validate ACC as a clinical tool for hybrid CI recipients and users with residual hearing.