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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

1.5K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.1K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.1K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Constraints on exotic spin-velocity-dependent interactions.

Kai Wei1,2,3, Wei Ji4,5, Changbo Fu6

  • 1School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China.

Nature Communications
|November 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers searched for exotic spin-dependent forces using a K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer. This experiment set new, stringent limits on fundamental particle interactions, surpassing previous astronomical and cosmological constraints.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics and Beyond Standard Model Physics
  • Experimental Nuclear and Atomic Physics
  • Fundamental Force Searches

Background:

  • Theoretical extensions to the Standard Model predict exotic spin-dependent forces.
  • Experimental searches are crucial for testing these new physics theories.
  • Previous limits on such forces were primarily derived from astronomical and cosmological observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally search for exotic spin- and velocity-dependent forces.
  • To set new, stringent limits on the coupling constants of hypothetical neutron-nucleon and proton-nucleon interactions.
  • To probe the existence of new gauge bosons (e.g., Z') beyond the Standard Model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a highly sensitive K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer.
  • Employed a tungsten ring with high nucleon density as a source mass.
  • Measured the pseudomagnetic field generated by the exotic force.

Main Results:

  • Established an upper limit on the pseudomagnetic field from the exotic force to be less than or equal to 7 aT.
  • Set new, stringent limits on neutron-nucleon and proton-nucleon coupling constants (≥0.1 m for mediator boson mass ≤2 μeV).
  • Achieved coupling constant limits more than an order of magnitude tighter than existing astronomical and cosmological constraints.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment successfully constrained parameters for exotic spin-dependent forces.
  • The results provide the tightest limits to date on couplings between new gauge bosons and Standard Model particles.
  • This work significantly advances the experimental search for physics beyond the Standard Model.