Credible narrators and misinformed readers

Stories have a powerful ability to shape our beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and knowledge about the world. In the current work, we ask how readers evaluate the truth of facts embedded in fiction. In three experiments, we investigate the influence of the credibility of the story's narrator on the likelihood that readers encode and recall misinformation contained in the narrative. Participants read stories containing accurate real-world facts and misleading lures. The stories were narrated by either a credible or a non-credible narrator. Following the stories, participants were tested for the critical story information with a free response test of their general knowledge (Experiments 1 and 2) or with a speeded true-false test (Experiment 3). Overall, narrator credibility had no influence on readers' memory for accurate information. However, readers were more likely to reproduce and affirm misinformation when it was delivered by a credible than a non-credible narrator. The current studies suggest that the credibility and the expertise of the source of the information are critical in determining what readers remember and believe.