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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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Anaesthetics and time perception: A review.

Jordan J Wehrman1, Clara C Chung2, Robert Sanders2

  • 1The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|December 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Anesthesia alters time perception, with ketamine slowing subjective time and GABAergic drugs speeding it up. Further research is needed to understand time perception in altered consciousness states.

Keywords:
Time perceptionanaesthetic drugsconsciousness in timeinterval timingperceived duration, temporal processingpharmacology manipulationtiming under sedation

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Consciousness relies on subjective experience in the present moment.
  • Temporal processing is crucial for establishing the perception of 'now'.
  • Anesthetic drugs are a method for altering consciousness and can affect time perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of anesthetic drugs on perceived duration.
  • To investigate how different anesthetics impact the subjective passage of time.
  • To identify gaps and propose future research directions in time perception under anesthesia.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect databases.
  • Inclusion of 36 articles examining anesthetic drugs and time perception tasks.
  • Categorization of studies based on effects on felt passage of time, interval timing, or motor timing.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine was found to slow subjective time perception.
  • GABAergic drugs were associated with speeding up subjective time perception.
  • Anesthetics increased variability in short interval and motor timing tasks, and lengthened estimates of longer durations.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia significantly impacts various aspects of time perception.
  • Further systematic research is needed to clarify time perception under anesthesia.
  • Investigating the overlap between consciousness and time perception can advance both fields.