The outbreak of monkeypox: A clinical overview.

Area of Science:

• Global Health Security
• Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Emerging zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 and monkeypox pose significant global health threats.
• Declining smallpox immunity increases vulnerability to monkeypox outbreaks.
• The World Health Organization declared the multicountry monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively analyze monkeypox transmission and epidemiology.
• To explore diagnostic techniques, therapeutics, and prevention strategies.
• To address knowledge gaps in monkeypox pathogenesis, transmission, and host reservoir.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review on monkeypox transmission and epidemiology.
• Analysis of current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures.
• Assessment of global capacity for outbreak prevention and control.

Main Results:

• Monkeypox virus (an orthopoxvirus) causes symptoms similar to, but less severe than, smallpox.
• Human-to-human transmission is a key factor in sustained outbreaks.
• There is a critical need for enhanced global capacity to prevent disease spread.

Conclusions:

• Continued emergence of pathogens highlights human-animal interconnectedness.
• Urgent need to stop monkeypox spread and protect healthcare workers and vulnerable groups.
• Primary care and public health professionals must increase vigilance to contain potential outbreaks.