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Related Concept Videos

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
35.4K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

12.6K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

555
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
555
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.2K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

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Getting tougher in the ultracold.

Peng Zhang1, Zhe-Feng Zhang1

  • 1Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Certain metal alloys exhibit remarkable toughness when exposed to extremely cold liquid helium. This finding is crucial for cryogenic applications and materials science research.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Cryogenics
  • Metallurgy

Background:

  • Understanding material behavior at extremely low temperatures is critical for advanced engineering.
  • The unique properties of liquid helium (4.2 K) present significant challenges for material integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical properties, specifically toughness, of selected alloys in a liquid helium environment.
  • To identify alloys that maintain structural integrity and performance under cryogenic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Tensile testing of various alloy samples.
  • Impact testing at liquid helium temperatures.
  • Microstructural analysis of post-test samples.

Main Results:

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  • Specific alloys demonstrated significantly enhanced toughness compared to their performance at room temperature.
  • Fracture analysis revealed microstructural mechanisms contributing to this exceptional cryogenic toughness.
  • Other alloys showed a marked decrease in toughness, highlighting the importance of alloy composition.

Conclusions:

  • Certain alloys possess superior toughness in liquid helium, making them suitable for cryogenic applications.
  • Alloy design and selection are critical for ensuring material reliability in extreme cold environments.
  • Further research into the fundamental mechanisms of cryogenic toughness is warranted.