The management and metabolic characterization: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Metabolic Disorders
• Clinical Medicine

Background:

• Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are common thyroid dysfunctions with significant health implications if untreated or improperly managed.
• Current diagnostic reference ranges and treatment strategies may lead to under- or overtreatment, causing cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and persistent symptoms.
• Existing treatments for thyroid disorders do not always resolve patient symptoms, highlighting a need for improved management approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on the treatment and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
• To summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and metabolic mechanisms of thyroid diseases.
• To propose a reliable algorithm for the assessment, management, and treatment of patients with thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases.
• Analysis of clinical practice guidelines and recent research on thyroid disease pathogenesis.
• Synthesis of evidence to develop a management and treatment algorithm.

Main Results:

• Thyroid disorders impact lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and whole-body energy metabolism.
• A significant number of patients experience persistent symptoms despite achieving biochemical treatment goals.
• The review identified a need for a comprehensive algorithm to optimize thyroid disease management.

Conclusions:

• Effective management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is crucial to prevent severe health consequences.
• A proposed algorithm can enhance the efficiency and applicability of thyroid disease assessment and treatment.
• Understanding the latest pathogenesis, including metabolic tissue specificity, aids in clinical care for thyroid disorders.