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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
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Education in basic acoustics for acoustic phonetics and speech science.

Takayuki Arai1

  • 1Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|December 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an intuitive educational program for acoustic phonetics and speech science, reducing technical jargon. The program effectively improved student understanding of acoustic phenomena, particularly vocal tract resonance and vowel production.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustic Phonetics
  • Speech Science
  • Educational Technology

Background:

  • Students in acoustic phonetics and speech science often lack technical backgrounds, necessitating intuitive teaching methods.
  • Physical demonstrations with vocal-tract models offer an accessible approach to teaching acoustic phenomena.
  • Existing models by Arai provide a foundation for demonstrating speech production concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To minimize technical explanations and mathematical formulations in teaching acoustic phonetics.
  • To maximize intuitive understanding of seven key acoustic phenomena.
  • To develop and evaluate an effective online educational program for speech science students.

Main Methods:

  • Examined methods to simplify complex acoustic concepts for students.
  • Developed an educational program integrating physical demonstrations and simplified explanations.
  • Conducted an online lecture using the developed program.
  • Administered pre- and post-lecture questionnaires to assess understanding.

Main Results:

  • The educational program demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing student comprehension.
  • Significant improvements were observed in understanding the excitation of resonance systems by harmonic waves.
  • Students showed improved grasp of the acoustic principles behind vowel /a/ production.

Conclusions:

  • An intuitive, demonstration-based educational program can effectively teach complex acoustic phenomena.
  • Reducing technical complexity enhances student understanding in speech science.
  • The developed program offers a valuable tool for online acoustic phonetics education.