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Related Concept Videos

Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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A tripartite view of the posterior cingulate cortex.

Brett L Foster1, Seth R Koslov2, Lyndsey Aponik-Gremillion3,4

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. brett.foster@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|December 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is poorly understood. Recent research proposes three subregions—dorsal PCC, ventral PCC, and retrosplenial cortex—integrating executive, mnemonic, and spatial functions, advancing cognitive neuroscience.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) remains one of the least understood brain regions.
  • In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex has been extensively studied, with established functional accounts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent findings on the PCC across species and techniques.
  • To establish a foundation for a formal theoretical account of PCC functions.
  • To propose a novel tripartite subregional model of the PCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent cross-species and cross-technique findings on PCC.
  • Comparative analysis of anatomical and physiological properties.
  • Integration of behavioral, computational, and neuroimaging data.

Main Results:

  • Convergent evidence supports a tripartite functional organization of the PCC.
  • The dorsal PCC, ventral PCC, and retrosplenial cortex are proposed as distinct subregions.
  • These subregions are hypothesized to integrate executive, mnemonic, and spatial processing, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed tripartite subregional model reconciles inconsistencies in previous unitary theories of PCC function.
  • This framework offers new directions for understanding higher cognitive functions and brain diseases associated with the PCC.
  • Further research can build upon this model to develop comprehensive theoretical accounts of PCC operations.