Flow electrochemical inactivation of waterborne bacterial endospores

Waterborne pathogens have the risk of spreading waterborne diseases and even pandemics. Some Gram-positive bacteria can form endospores, the hardiest known life form that can withstand heat, radiation, and chemicals. Electrochemical inactivation may offer a promising solution, but is hindered by low inactivation efficiencies resulting from limitation of electrode/endospores interaction in terms of electrochemical reaction selectivity and mass transfer. Herein, these issues were addressed through modifying selectivity of active species formation using electroactive ceramic membrane with high oxygen evolution potential, improving mass transfer property by flow-through operation. In this way, inactivation (6.0-log) of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores was achieved. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrated synergistic inactivation to occur through fragmentation of coat via interfacial electron transfer and electro-produced transient radicals (•OH primarily, •Cl and Cl₂^•- secondarily), thereby increasing cell permeability to facilitate penetration of electro-produced persistent active chlorine for subsequent rupture of intracellular structures. Numbering-up electrode module strategy was proposed to scale up the system, achieving average 5.3-log inactivation of pathogenic Bacillus anthracis endospores for 30 days. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept manner for effective inactivation of waterborne bacterial endospores, which may provide an appealing strategy for wide-range applications like water disinfection, bio-safety control and defense against biological warfare.