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Related Concept Videos

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving01:17

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A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
To solve the problem, we can use the equations from the analysis of an RC circuit and Maxwell's version of Ampère's law.
For the first part of...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Quantum annealing: an overview.

Atanu Rajak1, Sei Suzuki2, Amit Dutta3

  • 1Department of Physics, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|December 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores quantum annealing (adiabatic quantum computation), detailing theoretical and experimental progress. It covers quantum phase transitions, defect generation, and methods to accelerate annealing, especially in closed systems.

Keywords:
decoherencenon-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete and NP-hard problemsp-spin modelsquantum spin glassquantum tunnellingtransverse Ising models

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Computational science
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Quantum annealing, also known as adiabatic quantum computation, is a metaheuristic optimization algorithm.
  • Understanding quantum phase transitions is crucial for advancing quantum annealing protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent theoretical and experimental developments in quantum annealing.
  • To discuss challenges and perspectives in quantum annealing and computation.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of continuous and discontinuous quantum phase transitions.
  • Analysis of Kibble-Zurek scaling for defect generation.
  • Exploration of environmental coupling effects and speed-up techniques.

Main Results:

  • Overview of debated issues in quantum annealing.
  • Insights into pure and disordered models for quantum annealing.
  • Identification of strategies to avoid problematic quantum phase transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum annealing shows promise but faces challenges related to phase transitions and environmental effects.
  • Further research is needed to optimize quantum annealing protocols for practical applications.