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Visualizing extracellular vesicle biogenesis in gram-positive bacteria using super-resolution microscopy.

Dokyung Jeong1, Min Jeong Kim1, Yejin Park1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.

BMC Biology
|December 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) through novel mechanisms, including membrane blebbing and cell lysis. Cell wall degradation is key to understanding bacterial EV biogenesis.

Keywords:
Extracellular vesiclesGram-positive bacteriaSTORMSuper-resolution microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in biological processes and potential in biomedicine.
  • Research on bacterial EVs has predominantly focused on Gram-negative bacteria, as the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria was thought to hinder EV release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ultrastructural organization and biogenesis mechanisms of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria at the nanoscale.
  • To elucidate novel mechanisms of EV production in Gram-positive bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized super-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to visualize bacterial EVs at the nanoscale.
  • Analyzed nanoscale ultrastructure to propose models for EV biogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized nanoscale ultrastructural organization of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Proposed three distinct mechanisms of EV biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria: membrane blebbing (two variations) and explosive cell lysis.
  • These mechanisms differ from those observed in Gram-negative bacteria, though some similarities exist.

Conclusions:

  • Cell wall degradation plays a significant role in regulating diverse EV biogenesis mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Findings necessitate a re-evaluation of previously unresolved EV biogenesis pathways in Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Highlights the potential of Gram-positive bacterial EVs in therapeutics and biomedicine.