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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

Published on: August 26, 2016

Masks and air rage: a qualitative content analysis using an interaction ritual framework.

Brian O'Hara¹, Helle Sorensen²

¹Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO USA.

SN Social Sciences

|December 5, 2022

Summary

Air rage incidents surged during the pandemic, particularly after mask mandates. This study analyzes mask-related air rage using an interaction ritual framework to understand the causes of passenger violence.

Keywords:

Air rage Content analysis Interaction ritual Mask mandate Qualitative Tourism

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Area of Science:

Sociology
Aviation Studies
Public Health

Background:

Significant increase in unruly airline passenger incidents reported by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pre-pandemic yearly average of incidents was approximately 100, escalating to 5,981 in 2021, coinciding with mask mandates.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a qualitative content analysis of mask-related air rage incidents.
To apply an interaction ritual (IR) framework for sociological insight into this phenomenon.
To explore the reasons behind violent passenger reactions associated with mask-wearing on airplanes.

Main Methods:

Qualitative content analysis of reported mask-related air rage incidents.
Application of the interaction ritual (IR) framework to analyze the collected data.

Main Results:

Identification of patterns and themes in mask-related air rage incidents.
Sociological insights derived from the interaction ritual framework regarding passenger behavior.

Conclusions:

The study contributes novel research to the under-explored area of mask-related air rage.
Findings aim to enhance understanding of the social dynamics contributing to passenger aggression on aircraft.