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Published on: September 20, 2024
Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder
Cong Hu1, Heli Li1, Jinhui Li1
1Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Abstract:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable impairment of social communication and repetitive behaviors, highly restricted interests, and/or sensory behaviors beginning early in life. Many individuals with ASD have dysfunction of microglia, which may be closely related to neuroinflammation, making microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are required for proper brain function, especially in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and control of behavior. Dysfunction of microglia will ultimately affect the neural function in a variety of ways, including the formation of synapses and alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance. In this review, we provide an overview of how microglia actively interact with neurons in physiological conditions and modulate the fate and functions of synapses. We put a spotlight on the multi-dimensional neurodevelopmental roles of microglia, especially in the essential influence of synapses, and discuss how microglia are currently thought to influence ASD progression.
Insights
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, play a key role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathogenesis. Their dysfunction impacts neuronal connections and behavior, influencing ASD progression.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors.
- Microglial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are increasingly implicated in ASD pathogenesis.
- Microglia are crucial for brain function, including neuronal circuitry maintenance and behavior regulation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the physiological interactions between microglia and neurons.
- To highlight the role of microglia in synaptic development and function.
- To discuss the influence of microglia on the progression of ASD.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on microglia-neuron interactions.
- Analysis of research linking microglial function to neurodevelopmental processes.
- Synthesis of current understanding of microglia's role in ASD.
Main Results:
- Microglia actively interact with neurons, modulating synaptic fate and function under physiological conditions.
- Microglial dysfunction can affect neural functions, including synapse formation and excitatory-inhibitory balance.
- Evidence suggests microglia significantly influence synaptic development and ASD progression.
Conclusions:
- Microglia are integral to neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity.
- Dysfunctional microglia contribute to altered neural function relevant to ASD.
- Targeting microglial pathways may offer therapeutic avenues for ASD.
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