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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
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Optimizing the dynamics of bone turnover with genetic algorithm.

Muhammad Idrees1, Ayesha Sohail2

  • 1Lahore, Pakistan Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore.

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|December 5, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational models simulate bone metastasis, revealing how COVID-19 exacerbates cancer spread. This research aids in developing new drug therapies to control this complex cycle.

Keywords:
Bone metastasesBone remodelingCovid-19Drug designchaos.“Para-thyroid hormone” (parathyroid)

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Area of Science:

  • Bio-mathematics
  • Computational biology
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Bone metastasis is a critical and complex process following cancer invasion.
  • COVID-19 infection, due to its inflammatory nature, can accelerate cancer metastasis.
  • Understanding bone cell dynamics (formation and resorption) is key to modeling metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally model and simulate bone metastasis, incorporating the impact of COVID-19 infection.
  • To explore the complex dynamics of cancer spread in bone tissue.
  • To investigate potential control strategies for bone metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a computational framework for bone cells (formation and resorption).
  • Incorporation of cancer as a perturbation source within the spatial model.
  • Simulation of nonlinear computational models using the finite difference algorithm.

Main Results:

  • Computational models successfully explored bone metastasis dynamics influenced by COVID-19.
  • Simulated results showed close agreement with experimental findings.
  • The study provides insights into the 'vicious cycle' of bone metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Computational modeling offers a robust approach to forecast bone dynamics under cancer and infection.
  • The findings can inform the development of targeted drug therapies for bone metastasis.
  • This research aids in understanding and managing life-threatening cancer behaviors.