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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

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Human lymphoid tissue sampling for vaccinology.

Karolina M Kwiatkowska1, Catherine G Mkindi2, Carolyn M Nielsen1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|December 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) are crucial for sustained antibody immunity after vaccination. This review highlights how lymph node and bone marrow samples from human and primate studies inform LLPC induction and maintenance, guiding better vaccine design.

Keywords:
B cellsTfh cellsbone marrowfine needle aspirate (FNA)germinal centre (GC)long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs)lymph nodevaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) reside in bone marrow and provide long-term antibody secretion for vaccine-mediated immunity.
  • Factors influencing human LLPC induction in lymph nodes and maintenance in bone marrow niches post-vaccination are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human and non-human primate vaccination studies using lymph node and bone marrow aspirates.
  • To understand factors modulating LLPC induction and maintenance for improved vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human and non-human primate vaccination studies.
  • Inclusion of draining lymph node and bone marrow aspirate sampling data.

Main Results:

  • Vaccine dosing, adjuvant/platform choice, germinal center reaction duration, and sampling timing impact LLPC responses.
  • Bone marrow plasma cell populations exhibit heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Lymph node and bone marrow sampling are critical for understanding LLPC immunology.
  • Findings guide rational vaccine development strategies for sustained antibody immunity.