The calcium-sensing receptor in inflammation: Recent updates

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• The Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) is a G-protein coupled receptor crucial for calcium homeostasis.
• CaSR is widely expressed, influencing diverse physiological processes beyond calcium regulation.
• Emerging evidence links CaSR to inflammatory responses across various tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted roles of CaSR in inflammation.
• To elucidate CaSR's involvement in immune cell function and inflammatory stimuli.
• To explore CaSR's implications in critical illnesses and autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review synthesizing current research on CaSR and inflammation.
• Analysis of CaSR expression patterns under inflammatory conditions.
• Discussion of CaSR's role in specific diseases and potential therapeutic targeting.

Main Results:

• CaSR generally promotes pro-inflammatory responses, except in the large intestine.
• CaSR is expressed on immune cells, enhancing immune response and chemokinesis.
• Increased CaSR expression is observed under inflammatory stimuli, particularly pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions:

• CaSR is implicated in hypocalcemia and low PTH in critical illness (sepsis, burns).
• CaSR is linked to autoimmune hypoparathyroidism and immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
• CaSR, calcium, and vitamin D interplay may impact SARS-COVID-19 prognosis; CaSR targeting offers therapeutic potential.