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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

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Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene as a Functional Additive for Constructing an Efficient Solid Electrolyte Interface Layer for

Xiangxiang Fu1, Huanhuan Duan1, Shiwei Zhang1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) stabilizes lithium metal anodes by forming a protective solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. This enhances battery cycling stability and reduces dendrite growth for safer, high-energy batteries.

Keywords:
Li anodeLi dendriteselectrolyte additivesolid electrolyte interfaceultralong-lifespan

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Lithium (Li) metal anodes offer high energy density but suffer from dendrite growth and side reactions.
  • Developing stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers is crucial for practical Li metal batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) as a functional additive for stabilizing Li metal anodes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of SEI formation and its impact on Li anode performance.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to predict HCBD-Li anode interactions.
  • Electrochemical testing of Li||Li symmetrical cells with HCBD additive.
  • Performance evaluation of LiFePO4-based cells using functionalized Li anodes.

Main Results:

  • HCBD forms a LiCl-rich SEI layer with high ionic conductivity.
  • The SEI layer promotes uniform Li+ deposition/stripping and suppresses side reactions.
  • Li||Li symmetrical cells achieved 7000 h cycling lifespan with low hysteresis (10 mV).
  • LiFePO4 cells showed improved cycling stability (141.1 mAh g-1 after 350 cycles at 1 C).

Conclusions:

  • HCBD is an effective additive for stabilizing Li metal anodes.
  • The HCBD-derived SEI layer significantly enhances battery performance and lifespan.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for next-generation high-energy-density batteries.