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How Alcohol Damages Brain Development in Children.

Nada Pop-Jordanova1, Aneta Demerdzieva2

  • 1Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, RN Macedonia.

Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na Naukite I Umetnostite. Oddelenie Za Medicinski Nauki)
|December 6, 2022
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Summary

Prenatal alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), leading to lifelong physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities. Neuroimaging reveals brain structure changes, impacting development and cognitive function.

Keywords:
foetal alcohol syndromemodern approachneuroimagingneuropsychological characteristics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Alcohol consumption during pregnancy poses significant risks despite social use.
  • Key developmental periods, including gestation, are highly sensitive to alcohol's detrimental effects.
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) encompasses a spectrum of lifelong disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze the negative effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on children, specifically focusing on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
  • To examine the molecular and structural brain changes associated with FAS using modern neuroimaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of over 150 published papers from PubMed over the last two decades.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways including neuroinflammation, myelination, neurotransmission, and neuron function.
  • Utilizing modern neuroimaging techniques to identify structural brain abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal alcohol exposure is linked to miscarriage, stillbirth, and lifelong physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities.
  • Neuroimaging shows reduced frontal lobe volume, hippocampal abnormalities, impaired interhemispheric connectivity, glial cell issues, and white matter deficits.
  • Affected corpus callosum myelination disrupts brain connectivity, potentially contributing to conditions like autism, stroke, schizophrenia, and dementia.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal alcohol exposure causes significant, lifelong neurodevelopmental deficits.
  • Structural brain changes in FAS patients are identifiable through advanced neuroimaging.
  • Clinical assessment for FAS should prioritize prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure history due to symptom overlap with conditions like ADHD.