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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Gut bugs on drugs.

Leslie K Ferrarelli1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|December 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Targeting the gut microbiome

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Cocaine addiction is a significant public health issue.
  • The gut microbiome plays a role in various physiological processes.
  • Emerging research suggests a gut-brain axis connection in addiction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of cocaine on the gut microbiome composition.
  • To explore the potential of modulating the gut microbiome as a therapeutic strategy for cocaine addiction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gut microbial communities in animal models exposed to cocaine.
  • Assessment of behavioral changes associated with cocaine use and microbiome alterations.

Main Results:

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  • Cocaine exposure significantly alters the gut microbiome diversity and composition.
  • Specific microbial species are correlated with cocaine-seeking behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome is a potential therapeutic target for cocaine addiction treatment.
  • Modulating gut bacteria may offer a novel approach to managing cocaine dependence.