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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

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Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
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Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis.

Aysha Karim Kiani1, Gabriele Bonetti2, Maria Chiara Medori2

  • 1MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy.

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
|December 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) supplementation benefits cardiovascular health and exercise performance, particularly in untrained individuals. Supplements like L-arginine, L-citrulline, and beetroot juice can increase NO levels, but medical supervision is advised due to potential side effects.

Keywords:
Dietary supplementsL- citrulline supplementationL-arginine supplementationNitric oxide supplementationNitric oxide synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial endogenous molecule regulating vasodilation, neurotransmission, and hormone release.
  • NO is synthesized via nitric-oxide-synthase (NOS)-dependent and -independent pathways.
  • NO plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes, including cardiovascular function and cellular signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological roles of nitric oxide (NO) in the human body.
  • To explore the benefits of NO supplementation on health and athletic performance.
  • To discuss the efficacy and safety of various NO-boosting supplements.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and supplementation.
  • Analysis of research on L-arginine, L-citrulline, and beetroot juice as NO precursors.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes related to NO supplementation in different populations.

Main Results:

  • NO supplementation demonstrates benefits for cardiac health, blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, and exercise performance, especially in untrained individuals.
  • L-arginine and L-citrulline supplementation can increase NO levels, enhancing respiratory response and working capacity.
  • Beetroot juice intake is associated with increased plasma nitrite, a marker of NO production.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) supplementation offers potential health and performance advantages.
  • Careful dosing and medical supervision are recommended to mitigate potential side effects and interactions.
  • Further research may elucidate optimal strategies for NO supplementation.