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Associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth elements: A network analysis.

Umer Jon Ganai1, Shivani Sachdev1, Naseer Ahmad Bhat2

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Negative emotions were the most influential posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom, while improved life appreciation was key for posttraumatic growth (PTG) following COVID-19. Bridge symptoms like intrusive thoughts and compassion help explain how PTS and PTG coexist.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Trauma Studies
  • Mental Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic induced collective trauma, leading to significant psychological distress and, paradoxically, instances of positive psychological change.
  • Understanding the interplay between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) is crucial for mental health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the most influential PTS symptoms and PTG elements in adults affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To examine the specific symptoms and elements that act as bridges between PTS and PTG, elucidating their coexistence.
  • To inform the development of targeted psychological interventions for trauma survivors.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 509 adults from Kashmir, India, participated in the study.
  • The PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) was utilized to assess PTS symptoms.
  • The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was employed to measure PTG.

Main Results:

  • Network analysis identified negative trauma-related emotions as the most influential PTS symptom.
  • The ability to appreciate life more significantly emerged as the most influential PTG element.
  • Eight key bridge symptoms/elements were identified, including intrusive thoughts, nightmares, increased compassion, sleep disturbances, trauma-related amnesia, hypervigilance, emotional expression willingness, and increased reliance on others.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified critical PTS symptoms and bridge elements connecting PTS and PTG in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • These bridge symptoms provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the coexistence of posttraumatic stress and growth.
  • The findings underscore the importance of recognizing these specific symptoms for designing effective, targeted interventions for individuals experiencing trauma-related distress and growth.