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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Refining Anger: Summarizing the Self-Report Measurement of Anger.

John Maltby1, Will H J Norton1, Eoin McElroy2

  • 1School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.

Journal of Personality Assessment
|December 8, 2022
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This study introduces a five-factor model of anger, identifying key dimensions like anger-arousal and anger-regulation from self-report measures. This model offers a parsimonious way to understand anger across diverse populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Self-report measures are widely used to assess anger.
  • Existing models may not fully capture the complexity of anger experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a robust five-factor measurement model of anger.
  • To summarize over 50 years of research on anger self-report measures.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on self-report anger data from the UK (n=500) and USA (n=625).
  • Measurement invariance was tested across gender, age, and ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • A five-factor model emerged, comprising anger-arousal, anger-rumination, frustration-discomfort, anger-regulation, and socially constituted anger.
  • This five-factor structure demonstrated the best fit to the data.
  • The model showed measurement invariance across demographic groups.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed five-factor model provides a parsimonious and empirically supported framework for understanding anger.
  • This model can be a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians assessing anger.