Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genetic Code Expansion for Site-Specific Encoding of a Switchable, Intrinsic Fluorophore-Quencher Pair to Monitor Protein Dynamics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with incident diabetes among U.S. Veterans in a prospective longitudinal cohort.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Mapping Protein Occupancy on DNA with an Unnatural Cytosine Modification.

ACS chemical biology·2026

Same author

Inducible, split base editors for in vivo cancer functional genomics.

Nature biotechnology·2026

Same author

A theoretical and experimental framework enables low-coverage sequencing for accurate quantification of genome-wide cytosine modification levels.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Unnatural Cytosine Analogs Potentiate a Customizable, Enzymatic Method for Integrated Epigenetic and Four-Base Genetic Sequencing.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Published on: May 13, 2015

Mpox Evolution: Has the Current Outbreak Revealed a Pox on "U"?

Rahul M Kohli¹, Stuart N Isaacs¹

¹Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

|December 9, 2022

Summary

Genomic studies of the mpox outbreak reveal unexpected mutations linked to APOBEC3 enzymes. These findings raise questions about host-pathogen interactions and viral evolution in poxviruses.

Keywords:

DNA deaminases innate immune restriction monkeypox mpox viral evolution

More Related Videos

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Published on: May 15, 2014

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Published on: May 13, 2015

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Published on: May 15, 2014

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

Area of Science:

Virology
Genomics
Immunology

Background:

The recent mpox (monkeypox) outbreak necessitates genomic surveillance to understand global transmission.
Genomic analyses have identified unusual mutation patterns in mpox viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the origin and implications of observed mutation patterns in mpox virus genomes.
To explore the role of host immune factors, specifically APOBEC3 enzymes, in viral evolution during the mpox outbreak.

Main Methods:

Genomic sequencing of mpox virus samples.
Bioinformatic analysis to identify mutation signatures.
Comparative genomics to assess evolutionary patterns.

Main Results:

Unexpected mutational signatures implicating APOBEC3 enzymes were identified in mpox genomes.
These signatures suggest APOBEC3-mediated cytosine (C) to uracil (U) conversion is active in viral evolution.
The rate of these mutations contrasts with the traditionally slow evolution of poxviruses.

Conclusions:

The findings challenge the notion of poxviruses as slow-evolving agents.
Further research is needed to determine if APOBEC3-driven mutations are passive bystanders or contribute to mpox pathogenesis.
Understanding these host-pathogen interactions is crucial for managing mpox evolution.