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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

Published on: December 19, 2020

Persistent alveolar type 2 dysfunction and lung structural derangement in post-acute COVID-19.

André F Rendeiro^1,2,3, Hiranmayi Ravichandran^2,4, Junbum Kim¹

¹Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences

|December 9, 2022

Summary

Long COVID can cause lasting lung damage, with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 virus present up to 359 days post-infection. Post-acute COVID-19 lungs show cellular senescence and fibrosis, distinct from but sharing features with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Keywords:

COVID-19 PASC infection biology single-cell analysis spatial-omics

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Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

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Published on: December 19, 2020

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Published on: January 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Pulmonary Medicine
Virology
Pathology

Background:

Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on lung pathology remain unclear in many patients.
Understanding post-acute COVID-19 (PC) lung disease is crucial for patient management.

Approach:

Multiplexed imaging of post-mortem lung tissue from 12 PC patients.
Comparison with acute COVID-19, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and healthy lung tissue.

Key Points:

Viral presence detected in PC lungs up to 359 days post-acute infection, even with negative swabs.
PC lungs exhibit senescent alveolar type 2 cells and fibrosis with increased vascularization.
PC lung pathology shares features with IPF, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

This study establishes a foundation for understanding long-term SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary sequelae.
Findings highlight persistent viral reservoirs and distinct pathological changes in post-acute COVID-19 lungs.
Shared features with IPF may inform treatment strategies for PC patients.