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Managing prolific sows in tropical environments.

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Modern sow production targets 30-40 piglets weaned per sow annually. High litter sizes are achievable, but preweaning piglet mortality remains a challenge, especially in tropical climates due to heat stress impacting sow feed intake and milk production.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Environmental Physiology

Background:

  • Modern sow genetic selection has significantly increased litter size, with tropical environments reporting high averages (17.2 total born, 15.1 born alive).
  • Despite improved litter sizes, high preweaning piglet mortality (10-20%) persists in major pig-producing nations.
  • Sow milk yield, crucial for piglet growth, is limited by daily feed intake, which is negatively impacted by heat stress above 25°C.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key factors for improving sow herd performance and reproductive efficiency in tropical conditions.
  • To address challenges related to heat stress, feed intake, milk production, and intestinal barrier function in lactating sows.
  • To highlight the importance of gilt selection and lactation management for increasing the number of weaned piglets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on sow productivity, environmental challenges, and management strategies.
  • Analysis of factors influencing daily feed intake, milk yield, and piglet growth.
  • Examination of the role of intestinal barrier function and heat stress in sow reproductive performance.

Main Results:

  • Heat stress above 25°C significantly reduces sow daily feed intake and compromises milk yield.
  • Intestinal barrier function can limit nutrient absorption and allow pathogen entry, exacerbating productivity issues, particularly under heat stress.
  • Selection and management for early gilt puberty and optimal lactation practices are crucial for enhancing reproductive efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing sow feed intake and milk production is essential for achieving high weaning numbers, especially in heat-stressed tropical environments.
  • Addressing intestinal health and mitigating heat stress are critical for improving sow productivity and fertility.
  • Strategic gilt selection and lactation management are fundamental for maximizing the number of weaned piglets and overall farm reproductive efficiency.