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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Unconventional nonequilibrium phases in confined systems challenge thermalization theories.
  • Restricted correlation spreading and slow entanglement growth are key features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate thermalization dynamics in confined quantum systems after a quantum quench.
  • Examine the role of confined excitations in emergent phases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the confined Ising spin chain model.
  • Identification of domain wall bound states (mesons).
  • Description of prethermal state formation and true thermalization.

Main Results:

  • Confined systems show multi-stage thermalization with distinct time scales.
  • A prethermal state is reached, governed by conserved meson number.
  • True thermal equilibrium is achieved later, with meson number violation via a Schwinger-effect-like mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Prethermalization dynamics in confined systems are characterized by emergent bound states.
  • This multi-stage relaxation is relevant to various one-dimensional many-body systems.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for systems with confined excitations.