Improving Innovation and Access to Combination Vaccines for Childhood Immunization in China

combination vaccines can improve timely vaccination coverage and mitigate the social and economic burdens of both caregivers and health systems. Compared to other countries with high immunization performance, China remains behind the curve in promoting the inclusion of new combination vaccines into national vaccination schedules. The domestic research and development pipeline faces many technical obstacles, regulatory pressures, and competitive opposition. In addition to this, health disparities regarding combination vaccines exist in each dimension of access and their determinants, including availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality. Our study aims to provide a cross-disciplinary analysis of China's combination vaccines (from innovation to access) and identify the main factors that affect the attitudes and behavior choices for combination vaccines.

systematic reviews and secondary data analysis will be conducted to map the landscape of combination vaccines in China and the determinants influencing their innovation and access. A cross-sectional survey will be performed in seven provinces of China based on geo-economic representativeness among caregivers with children that are between 2 and 24 months old and are registered in the national immunization system. Questionnaires will be used to examine the relationship between each dimension of access and their determinants. These questionnaires will cover the caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and willingness to pay for combination vaccines, as well as their perceptions about vaccination services. Semi-structured interviews with the suppliers (public and private) and healthcare providers will help identify research gaps and the key challenges they face when developing and introducing combination vaccines in China.

using a combined approach, with cross-country and multi-disciplinary support from experts, our research is designed to fill the information gaps in China's combination vaccine industry across the innovation-access spectrum. It will lead to evidence-based recommendations which will foster greater access to innovation-enhancing combination vaccines for childhood immunization in China. Moreover, the multi-dimensional approach could also be adapted beyond combination vaccines to assess innovation and other public goods for health among disadvantaged groups in the future.