Role of Endoscopy in Esophageal Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review

Esophageal tuberculosis (ET) is a rare infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Awareness of ET is deficient due to its low incidence. Unexplained dysphagia and upper gastrointestinal bleeding are the most common symptoms of ET. The prognosis is generally good if patients are diagnosed properly and receive anti-tubercular treatment promptly. However, ET is difficult to differentiate from other diseases. Endoscopic techniques such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography (CH-EUS), elastography, and endoscopic ultrasound--guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) improve the diagnosis of ET. Thus, the characteristics of ET and other difficult-to-detect diseases according to EGD and EUS were summarized. Intriguingly, there is no literature relevant to the application of CH-EUS and elastography in ET. The authors' research center was first in introducing CH-EUS and elastography into the field of ET. The specific manifestation of ET based on CH-EUS was discovered for the first time. Correlative experience and representative cases were shared. The role of endoscopy in acquiring esophageal specimens and treatment for ET was also established. In this review, we aim to introduce a promising technology for the diagnosis and treatment of ET.